• Analisi
• francese
• nella
• prestiti
• stampa

La presente tesi di laurea riguarda il tema della presenza dei prestiti, ed in particolare degli anglicismi, nella lingua francese della stampa.
Nel primo capitolo sono stati percorsi i momenti storici più significativi di contatto e scambio di parole tra la lingua anglosassone e quella francese, a partire dall’anno 1066 fino ad arrivare a XX secolo.
Vi sono termini stranieri che fanno parte del lessico francese da poco più di un secolo ma sono ben radicati nella lingua francese ed altri termini, definiti mots migrateurs da H. Walter, che hanno origini francesi ma una volta entrati all’estero hanno mutato il loro significato.
In seguito, sono state fornite definizioni del termine anglicismo riportate da vari autori quali Maurice Pergnier, Josette Rey Debove, Olivier Bertrand e Paul Bogaards. Sono state poi illustrate le varie categorie di anglicismi fornite da J.F. Sablayrolles: anglicismi lessicali, semantici, morfologici, fonetici, grafici, fraseologici, ibridi, gli “allers-retours”, i falsi anglicismi, gli pseudo-anglicismi, le sigle, gli acronimi e i calchi. Si è quindi parlato dei prestiti necessari e dei prestiti di lusso, questi ultimi considerati superflui da coloro che vogliono difendere la purezza della lingua. Inoltre, si è cercato di spiegare come l’anglicismo molto spesso venga marcato in quanto tale nel Petit Robert in base ad una scelta soggettiva dei redattori del dizionario. Sono stati così percorsi gli ambiti in cui compaiono più frequentemente i neologismi ed in cui traspare il giudizio su di essi, come ad esempio i tribunali, la stampa e la letteratura. Infine è stato spiegato in cosa consiste il fenomeno del franglais, illustrandone le origini e gli sviluppi.
Nel secondo capitolo è stato presentato il corpus, raccolto da tre numeri della rivista francese Paris Match, che consta di 197 parole delle quali sono state poi fornite ulteriori informazioni in una tabella, come il numero di occorrenze, il contesto, la datazione di origine e la definizione etimologica offerte dal Petit Robert 2015, l’ambito di uso, la lingua di appartenenza, il tipo di prestito e la categoria grammaticale.
In ultimo, nel terzo capitolo è stata eseguita un’analisi approfondita del corpus, focalizzando l’attenzione soprattutto sugli elementi forniti nel secondo capitolo, in base ai quali è stata suddivisa la tabella, ma anche su caratteristiche riscontrate in un secondo momento. Infine, abbiamo illustrato i risultati emersi dai dati raccolti attraverso dei grafici, a cui fanno seguito considerazioni e commenti.

The aim of this thesis is to show the influence and the great amount of anglicisms and loan words from other languages in the current French language and in particular in the press, where the corpus is gleaned. First we have focused on the origins of contact and exchange of words between the French and the English language. Then we have talked about the loan word from a linguistic point of view, giving some definitions of it, as stated by some authors. Afterwards we have shown the different categories of anglicisms discovered by J. F. Sablayrolles and we have also proved that the dictionaries, and in particular Le Petit Robert, tend to classify the anglicisms not in an objective way but on the basis of a subjective view of the authors of the dictionary. In this way we have understood that Le Petit Robert classify as anglicisms the words of public knowledge and the English words that have become part of the French language in a recent period tagging them with the mark ANGLIC. Later on we have shown the most important fields in which loan words are used more frequently and it can be noticed that through their selection it transpires a judgment which shows the real intentions of the author who chose them. We have also talked about franglais, that consists in the large use of neologisms and English words in the French language, describing its origins and its developments. At this point we have proved the great presence of loan words in the French press, finding all the foreign words contained in three copies of the French magazine Paris Match and we have put them in a table that also offers for each word some linguistic information as the number of occurrences, the context, the date of origin and the etymologic definition that can be found in the dictionary Petit Robert 2015, the field of usage, the language of origin, the kind of loan word and the grammatical category. Thanks to this classification we have discovered that the fields which have the highest number of occurrences are that of gastronomy, cinema, informatics, sport and show. We have then found that there are some French words and loan words that in the informal language change their meaning, as well as the fact that the etymologic definition and the current meaning of many words often don’t match, proving how the language is a phenomenon that keeps on changing, most of all at a semantic level. There are also some English words that once entered into the French language, have totally changed their meaning, so we have thought that this could be a willing of appropriation of these words from the French language. We have seen the different languages to which belong each word and it resulted that most of the corpus is composed by anglicisms, to which follow the Italian and Spanish words. Then, talking about the choices made by the dictionary about the anglicisms, it was highlighted the importance of the terminological commissions in suggesting French words that replace English words. Analysing the date of origin of the terms, it stands out that most of the terms belong to the XX century, then there are words belonging to the 1800 and those that date to a period between 1300 and 1800. The most frequent fields of use are those of the social life, sport and economy. We have classified the kind of loan words that belong to each category and it resulted that most of them are lexical, followed by the graphic and phonetic ones. Studying the grammatical category of the words, we have discovered that the majority of the words is composed by substantives, while there are less adjectives and verbs. We have come to the conclusion that the cliché that states that the French language is hostile towards Anglo-Saxon words is not true, in fact from our analysis we can test the contrary in the common language as well as it can be noticed the presence of loan words coming from other languages.