Abstract
EB is a family of rare inherited blistering skin disorders due to mutations in genes coding several adhesion proteins. Nowadays, there is no cure for EB, all the treatments are palliative and focused on the relief of the EB symptoms. Recent advancement in molecular biology, stem cell biology and regenerative medicine have fostered new therapeutic approach such as the one that lead to the successful ex vivo gene therapy phase I clinical trial on Laminin 332-dependent JEB in 2006. This approach has demonstrated that the long-term restoration of JEB epidermis requires a defined number of transduced epidermal holoclones (Mavilio et al. 2006). However, no cell membrane epithelial stem cell markers have been identified that allow the prospective isolation and transduction of stem cell in culture. For this reason the current gene therapy approach is to obtain a close to 100% of transduction efficiency of an heterogeneous keratinocyte culture in order to be sure to transduce keratinocyte stem cells.
We developed the same approach to genetically correct epidermal stem cells from COL17-dependent JEB, envisaging MLV-derived retroviral vectors (MLV-RV) and Self Inactivated-RV (SIN-RV). For MLV-RV strategy, we generated Am12-Col17 packaging cells, clones were selected and used to transduce keratinocytes using a co-culture procedure, which allowed to achieve a 95% transduction efficiency. Transduced keratinocytes were maintained in long-term culture and their Colony Forming Ability was measured to evaluate cell toxicity. Epidermal stem cell transduction was demonstrated with clonal analysis. In parallel, we performed similar experiments using SIN-RV viral constructs that differ in endogenous promoters and vector backbones.
We have selected the best vector to efficiently correct the genetic defect and actually we are testing the transduction efficiency on keratinocyte culture of different SIN packaging cell line clones.
In both strategies, genotoxicity assays are ongoing to show whether SIN-RV and MLV-RV have a different safety profile in terms of potential insertional mutagenesis. In particular we are testing transduced cultures in soft agar assay, serial cultivation and growth factor dependence assay.
In parallel we tried to identify a keratinocyte stem cell marker that can be used in clinic in order to allow the identification and -eventually- the selection of a pure population of stem cells for gene correction. To this end we analyse the transcriptional profile of keratinocyte stem cells (Holoclone forming cells) compared to transcriptional profile of the transient amplifying cells (Meroclone- forming cells). Bioinformatical analysis of microarray data allowed to identify differentially expressed genes and delineate a molecular signature of each class of clones. Moreover data were analysed by the network-based Ingenuity Pathways Analysis tool, to search for the most relevant molecular interactions, functions and pathways differentially expressed in Holoclones vs Meroclones.
Genes that resulted upregulated in holoclone respect to meroclone, were confirmed by real time PCR, while protein expression relative to upregulated genes was investigated by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover gain and loss of function studies are ongoing to investigate the role of these genes in keratinocytes homeostasis. Consistent with this preliminary data we can confirmed that Holoclones and late meroclones have a quite different gene expression profile that makes possible to define a specific gene signature of human KSCs.
Molecular characterization of keratinocyte stem cell has an important impact on gene therapy approaches since it would improve the efficiency of stem cell transduction assuring the long-term restoration of corrected-EB epidermis.
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