Riassunto analitico
Doping and sport connection is very ancient and the diffusion of this phenomenon has increased exponentially with the demand for ever more extreme performances and with scientific and medical discoveries. Despite the existence of doping controls and strict laws, substances and doping methods still not identified from trials and not included in prohibited substances tables are the 90% of evaluated doping cases. This present thesis is aimed to analyse which are the most frequently natural substances used by professional and amateur sportsmen to improve their performance, so considered as doping. It starts with a brief historic introduction of doping, then the international and national anti-doping norm is examined, referring to WADA for international field and to ISS, FTD Section, CVD and Ministero della Salute for the national field. This part includes the penal punishments for found guilty and we also wonder about the sense of spirit of sport change: no more linked to De Coubertin principles, but only connected with the competitiveness and focused to the victory at all costs, reaching the maximum individual performance at the expense of health. It continues with the study of institutions tasked with doping controls: on one hand the legal medicine, with the description of the specimen analysis techniques, from GC-MS to HPLC, and the security force support, as the NAS which is the team designated to oppose falsification and sophistication in food and medicine industry; on the other hand the sports medicine with the study of qualifying examination rules, the medecin ‘s responsibility in giving certification and the projects to inform and prevent the illicit substances consumption, as “Tallone d’Achille” and “Positivo alla Salute”, which are supported by Comune di Modena with the local AUSL. The phenomenon analysis continues focusing on the easy availability of these substances on the huge and wild trade which is Internet and on the nutrional supplements composed by stimulant plants, that could contain hidden illicit substances as contaminants. Recently the Smart Drugs appear on the market. They are not identified from trials because yet unknown and the ISS has created an issue containing these Plants monographs. Then there is a specific part dedicated to the plants Ephedra synica Stafp., Cannabis sativa L., C.indica Lam, and Tribulus Terrestris L.
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