Abstract
Background: Petrol stations emit benzene and other contaminants that have been associated with increased risk of childhood leukemia.
Methods: We carried out a population-based case-control study in two provinces in Northern Italy. We
enrolled 182 cases of childhood leukemia diagnosed during 1998-2019 and 726 age- and sex-matched
population controls. We geocoded child residences and the 790 petrol stations located in the study area. We estimated leukemia risk according to distance from petrol stations within 1000 m buffer and amount of the supplied fuel within a buffer of 250 m from the child’s residence. We used conditional logistic regression models to compute risk ratios (RRs) for associations of interest, adjusted for potential confounders. We also modeled non-linear associations using restricted cubic splines. We conducted secondary analyses restricted to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases and stratified by age ( ≤5 and ≥5 years).
Results: Compared with children who lived ≥1000 m from a petrol station, the RR was 2.2 (95% CI 0.5-9.4) for children living ≤ 50 m from nearest petrol station. The associations were stronger for the ALL subtype (RR=2.9, 95% CI 0.6-13.4), and among children diagnosed after 5 years (RR=4.4, 95% CI 0.6-34.1) compared with <5 years (RR=1.6, 95% CI 0.1-19.4). Risk of leukemia also increased (RR=1.6, 95% CI 0.7-3.3) with increasing amounts of supplied fuel within 250 m.
Discussion: Residence in close proximity to a petrol station, especially with more intense refueling activity, could increase the risk of childhood leukemia, though associations were imprecise and potentially affected by unmeasured confounding.
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