Riassunto analitico
The migration phenomena are a highly debated argument and in the economic point of view it focuses on the effects that migrants bring on trade. According with empirical evidences in literature, their preferences in goods ,as well as their knowledge of their homeland, have an important impact both for imports and exports. The focus of this study is to examine the effects of different categories of immigrants, living in Italian land, on bilateral trade with their origin country and to realize the same analysis in regard of Italian outflows towards their destination countries. Particularly, the study is conducted with OLS and Fixed Effects estimators, in consideration of 102 partner countries during the period from 1990 to 2015 and involves the following categories of migrants: people that migrated for economic reasons, students that moved abroad to attend university in a foreign country and refugees. The analysis provides the following results: economic immigrants have a positive impact on exports, an increase of 10 percent of immigrants' stock in Italy lead to 0,9 percent of export increase, as well as for imports where it has an even more important effect. Concerning international students’ inflows, a 10 percent increase of foreign students’ stock involves a positive effect on exports around 1 percent while it is not significative regarding imports. Instead, the refugee category is the one which has the lowest impact on trades, in fact it results not significative both for imports and exports. About Italian emigration, Italian students have a negative effect on exports, a 10 percent increase of Italian students abroad lead to 0,6 percent exports reduction, as well as for imports even if it is not significative. Concerning Italian people moving abroad for economic reasons, they have an impressive positive impact on trades. In fact, a 10 increase of Italian emigrants’ stock involves an above 1,5 growth both in imports and exports. Regarding Christian religion, the findings are that among all categories of immigrants there are no significative effects on bilateral trade, with the exception of Christian refugees who positively affect exports. On the opposite side, Italian emigrants who moved to a Christian country have a negative impact on exports around 2 percent on 10 percent growth of their stock, while Italian students do not affect bilateral trade. In consideration of the belonging to OECD organization and European Union, there are interesting results about effects of migration to and from these countries. In fact, international students from OECD countries have positive impact on exports, while if they are from a EU country they negatively affect exports. Following, immigrants and refugees from these countries influence positively bilateral trade. Regarding emigration, Italian students enrolled in OECD countries universities have a negative impact on exports whereas economic emigrants on imports, respectively a decrease of 1 percent on 10 percent increase of their stock in the host country. In regards of EU partners, emigration with economic purposes has a positive effect on imports with these partner countries.
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